The main target of tissue engineering is to simulate natural behavior. This field comprises three main parts in vivo or in vitro-seeding cells, growth factors and scaffold materials. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering.īone tissue engineering could be a way of repairing bone defects generated from various causes. A closed system is protected from the patient’s immune system by a membrane that isolates the cells but allows nutrients and waste to permeate. Use of immunosuppressive drugs or autologous cells is a way of avoiding immunological rejection. The cells are anchored in a matrix and the system is implanted into the body. An open system is fully integrated into the body. This system could be implanted or used as an extra-corporeal mechanism, where cells placed on or within matrix systems can be open or closed (encapsulated). The most promising are combinations of both cells and matrices, as a matrix can be used in different kinds of materials as a matrix, and there is a tendency to investigate bioactive materials that mimic the native biological neighborhood. The challenges are to preserve their function and immunological rejection. Most techniques rely on cells or cell substitutes, which can replace non-functional cells. The simplest approach is delivery of suitable signal molecules (tissue-inducing substances) to the right place. Tissue engineering uses different techniques and different systems. The term “tissue engineering”, where engineering and the life sciences are interconnected, was introduced in 1988 in the National Science Foundation workshop as “the application of principles and methods of engineering and life sciences towards the fundamental understanding of structure–function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve tissue function.” Langer and Vacanti used this term in a review article published in Science in 1993. These three things (scaffolds, cells, growth factors) are known as “the tissue-engineering triad”, and this system is set up in an appropriate environment in a bioreactor. The main objective of tissue engineering is to restore and improve the function of the tissues by preparing porous three-dimensional scaffolds, and seeding them with cells and growth factors. It interconnects many disciplines, such as materials science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics. Tissue engineering is a relatively new and a very multidisciplinary field.
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